A Perfect Georgian City (and the Roman Parts are Good Too)
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Somerset |
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Bath |
Parking in Bath can be difficult so we took the bus, it was almost a door to door service from our Saltford B & B - and we used our newly
minted bus passes (how did we get so old we could have bus passes?).
We alighted at Kingsmead Square. Bath is a small city, the centre neatly crooked in a bend in the River Avon, and from here we could easily
walk everywhere we wanted to go.
John Wood (The Elder) Queen Square to The Circus
We strolled north to Queen Square. Born in Bath in 1704, John Wood (the elder) was an architect and entrepreneur who set out to restore his
home town to ‘its former ancient glory’ and Queen Square was his first project.
Renting the land from Robert Gay, a doctor and Bath MP, he designed the
frontages and then sublet the plots behind to individual builders. His plan was
firstly to provide a place for ‘polite society’ to parade and secondly to get
rich. He succeeded on both counts. Wood chose to live on the south side of the
square, which he believed gave the best possible view of both the square and the
central obelisk, erected by Beau Nash in 1738 in honour of the Prince
of Wales.
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Queen Square, Bath |
We walked up Gay Street towards The Circus. Gay Street, the next part of Wood’s plan, was started in 1735. We passed Jane Austin’s house (No. 25) and No. 40 which is now the Jane Austin Centre, before reaching The Circus which Wood designed in 1750.
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Doorway, Queen Square, Bath |
When John Wood died in 1754 building had hardly started and the Circus, a circle of elegant town houses surrounding a green space, was
completed by his son John Wood (the younger). Circular roads, as I discovered
at Connaught Place in New Delhi, are difficult to photograph satisfactorily.
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The Circus, Bath |
Wood was a mason. He decorated many of his buildings with masonic symbols and designed the whole development of The Circus, Gay Street and Queen
Square in the shape a masonic key.
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Street map showing the 'key' shape of Queen Square, Gay Street and The Circus, Bath |
John Wood (The Younger), The Royal Crescent and the Assembly Rooms
Bath’s most instantly recognisable set of buildings, The Royal Crescent, starts just a 100m west of The Circus. Faithful to his father’s
vision, John Wood (the younger) constructed what is often described as the
finest piece of Georgian architecture in the country – and who am I to
disagree? The Royal Crescent Hotel occupies the central section, and nowhere
can there be so discreet a five star hotel. There is no sign, just an open door
and a menu to tell you it is there.
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Lynne and the Royal Crescent, Bath |
We wandered the length of the crescent and photographed it from every angle but never quite managed to do it justice. The pictures above and below are the best we could do.
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Royal Crescent, Bath |
The museum of Georgian life at No 1 closed in April. It will reopen on the 21st of June as a newer, bigger, grander museum, and will probably
be well worth visiting.
Austinland
Returning to The Circus and crossing it to Bennett Street, we arrived at the Assembly Rooms.
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The Assembly Rooms, Bath |
Also the work of John Wood (the younger), the Assembly rooms are where the glitterati of Georgian Bath hung out. The ballroom alone could
accommodate several hundred. With an orchestra at one end, tiered seating along
the side and four substantial fireplaces, it would not pass a modern fire
inspection. Characters from Northanger Abbey and Persuasion danced here,
as did many real people who also used the Octagon room, the Card Room and the
Tearoom (now a National Trust café).
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The Ballroom, The Assembly Rooms, Bath |
As National Trust members, a look around cost us nothing. We could have paid for the fashion museum downstairs, but as fashion and I are hardly on
nodding terms – in this or any other era – we did not bother.
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Assembly Room ceiling, Bath |
Lansdown Road and Pulteney Bridge
From the Assembly Rooms we walked down Lansdown Road to Broad Street and paused for a morning cappuccino - with our bus passes and National Trust Membership, it
was the first time we had to put our hands in our pockets. The sun shone and we sat
in the courtyard outside the café enjoying the unaccustomed warmth.
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Lansdown Road, Bath |
Passing the Victoria Art Gallery we reached Pulteney Bridge. It has shops across the full span on both sides (one of only four such bridges in
the world according to Wikipedia) and we were half way across before we
realised we were on it. At the far side is the Bath Rugby Club shop and as it
has been worrying me for some time that my grandson has reached the age of two
without ever seeing a rugby ball, I popped in and bought a suitably sized
ball. [I am happy to report that it has subsequently proved
popular].
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Pulteney Bridge, Bath |
Completed in 1774 to a design by Robert Adams, the bridge has seen many changes. It was widened in 1792, partly rebuilt after the floods
of 1799 and 1800 and then the shops were enlarged and cantilevered out over the
river. Attempts were made in the 1950s to return it to something like its
original appearance.
The best view is from the Grand Parade. The weir system which controls flooding dates only from 1972, and it was here that Tom Hooper
filmed the suicide of Javert in the 2012 film of Les Misérables (so I am told –
I have not seen the film).
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Pulteney Bridge, Bath |
Bath Abbey
Having reached the city centre after our wander through Georgian Bath we jumped backwards in history by visiting the abbey. Bath Abbey
has had a chequered history since it was founded in the 7th century and saw the
crowning of Edgar as the first king of the English in 973.
John of Tours became Bishop of Wells and Abbot of Bath about 1090. More interested in wealthy Bath than
poverty stricken Wells, he set about rebuilding the abbey as a new cathedral.
It was finished in 1156, long after John of Tours was dead.
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Bath Abbey |
Subsequent bishops concentrated on Wells and by 1499 Bath
was in poor repair, if not a ruin. Bishop Oliver King set about the work of
restoration, which was completed just in time for the dissolution of the
monasteries. The church was stripped of lead, iron and glass and left to decay.
However, a city the size of Bath needed a cathedral and it was restored between
1580 and 1620. Further restoration was carried out by Sir George Gilbert Scott
in 1860.
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Inside Bath Abbey |
The large clerestory windows - glass occupies 80% of the wall area – allow in much more light than in most Perpendicular Gothic churches
and permit a clear view of the fan vaulting, part of Bishop Oliver King’s
restoration.
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Oliver King's vaulting as restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott, Bath Abbey |
The abbey was hosting an art exhibition. Damien Hirst’s St Bartholemew, Exquisite Pain was unsettling – I am unsure if that means I liked it – but sadly I found the other
installations rather forgettable.
Sally Lunn's Bath Buns
We ate lunch at Sally Lunn’s, reputedly the oldest inhabited house in Bath and the home of the Bath Bun, or at least the Sally Lunn. Solange
Luyon, a Huguenot refugee, brought her recipe for a large enriched yeast bun to
Bath in 1680. It is claimed (by the owners of Sally Lunn’s) to be the original
Bath Bun, though the name is also used for a sweet roll with currants and sugar
crusting. No less an authority than Elizabeth David is wheeled out in support
of the Sally Lunn. The other version which she describes as an ‘amorphous,
artificially coloured, synthetically flavoured and over-sugared confections’
was developed for the Great Exhibition of 1851 and should, she claims, be
called a London Bath Bun.
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Sally Lunn's, Bath |
Sally Lunn’s was crowded but they found us a table on the first floor. The menu is complicated but I had done my homework online and knew
what we wanted, which was more than can be said for the elderly Texan couple on
the next table. Tables at Sally Lunn’s are close together and the chances of having
a conversation with complete strangers are high.
The large buns are served in halves, the bases being used for savouries, the tops for sweets. We had one of each and shared. With a pot
of oolong tea it provided a pleasing light lunch at a reasonable price. The
buns are a superior version of their kind but, despite the hype, they are still
just buns, and who would make a pilgrimage to Bath just for a bun? The base
covered with melted cheese was good enough but the cinnamon butter top, which
they consider a speciality, was spectacular; not too sweet, not too cinnamon-y
and with the underlying richness of good butter. It alone was worth the trip
from Staffordshire, though perhaps not all the way from south Texas.
The Roman Baths
After lunch we stepped further back in time at Bath’s major tourist attraction, the Roman Baths which welcomes over a million visitors every year.
Water falling on the Mendip Hills takes about 10,000 years to percolate down into the depths of the earth before rising under pressure and
reappearing in Bath – over a million litres a day at 46ºC.
The Romans arrived to find there was already a shrine here to the goddess Sulis. They called the place Aquae Sulis, quickly conflated the
Celtic goddess with Minerva and built a temple and a baths complex. After the
Romans withdrew the baths fell into disrepair and silted up. John de Tours (the
rebuilder of the abbey) built a bath of sorts but it was not until the 18th
century craze for taking the waters that the Bath returned to its former glory.
It will be no surprise that the Georgian entrance and the Pump Room are the
work of John Wood (the elder).
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Remains of the temple portico, Roman Baths, Bath |
The Roman bath is still there, though everything in this picture above water level is 19th century. The bath still has its original lead
lining, but the green colouration is due to algae that were not present in
Roman times as they grow in sunlight and the bath was then covered. Sadly,
unpleasant micro-organisms (and the lead plumbing system) mean the bath can no
longer be used, though there is a modern bath complex nearby using clean water
from new boreholes.
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The Roman Bath, Bath |
The baths and temples make up a huge archaeological site, much of it hidden under existing buildings, but the museum makes the
best of what it is there, with a comprehensive (and multi-lingual) audio guide
to the baths, the temple and the many well displayed finds. In fact, the guide
is so comprehensive that I doubt that many visitors listen to every word.
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Roman gravestone later incorporated into the city's medieval fortifications |
Pride of place goes to the gilt bronze head of Sulis Minerva that was discovered in 1727 during the digging of a new sewer system. She does
look scarily like Margaret Thatcher.
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Gilt bronze head of Minerva, Roman Baths, Bath |
I also liked the collection of curse tablets. Curses were written out and lobbed into the holy spring so the goddess could take the
appropriate action. Many curses relate to thefts of clothing while the victim
was bathing and one contains the only surviving words written in the Brythonic
language used by the general populace.
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Overflow water streams through Roman brickwork |
Eventually we emerged in the Pump Room where the water gushes from a clean modern tap. Warm and tasting strongly of iron the flavour
is not actively unpleasant, but I cannot imagine anyone choosing to drink it
unless they believed it was doing them good.
At £12.75 (more in July and August) visiting the baths is not cheap, but much effort has been taken to display everything as clearly as
possible and to explain what you are seeing. It certainly occupied most of the afternoon
and at the end I felt it was money well spent. There was nothing left to do
afterwards except to make a few purchases and find the bus back to Saltford.
Almost every building in Bath, regardless of its age, is built of mellow Bath stone. It does not matter whether you are looking at the
Regency Royal Crescent, the Victorian Art Gallery or even the relatively modern
Bus Station, they all belong together and form part of a harmonious whole. Bath
is not one of the world’s great cities, it is not a Rome or a Shanghai and with
only 85,000 inhabitants it is far too small to play in that league, but such
essential unity is impossible in a huge city. Bath has its star attractions,
but it is the high quality of the buildings that are not part of those attractions
that set it apart and makes it so memorable. Bath is a gem and well worth a day
of anybody’s life.