This post and its companions (Praying Facing East and Praying Facing West) have been developed from the November 2011 post ‘Three Favourite Mosques’.
Although the world has many fine mosques we have yet to visit, we have now
seen more than enough to make ‘Three Favourites’ a very limited ambition –
indeed the 'favourites' now fill three post.
Islam is the world’s second largest religion with 1.9 billion adherents. It is the majority religion in 49 countries, centred on the middle east but
with a vast geographical spread. In 2005 we visited The Great Mosque in
Xi’an in China. Some distance away an English-speaking person with an
overloud voice (his nationality was immediately obvious) was giving his
Chinese guide the benefit of his knowledge of Islam. ‘They have to pray
facing East,’ he announced.
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This map comes from Wikipedia. It is the work of Tracey M Hunter, the figures are from Pew
Research Centre It is reproduced unchanged under Creative Commons Attribution- share Alike |
Muslims, of course, pray facing Mecca, the city, now in Saudi Arabia, that
was home to the Prophet Muhammed. To make sense of my collection of mosques
I have split it into three, depending of the (rough) direction of Mecca. The
mosques I have selected are old or beautiful or quirky or have an
interesting history, or any combination of those four.
I should point out I am not a believer, in Islam or any other religion, but I do like religious buildings.
For ease of access and because I have occasionally broken my own rules, countries are allocated as follows
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Jordan, Oman, Egypt, Libya, Portugal |
Arab Countries (with one obvious exception!) |
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Facing South |
Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Bulgaria, Albania, North Macedonia, Bosnia & Herzegovina |
Countries wholly or partly in Europe |
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Iran, India, China, Malaysia |
An ethnic mixed bag |
9 of the 18 are Muslim Majority countries, the other have or had an
indigenous Muslim population.
Turkey
The Islamic world expanded dramatically in the century after the prophet’s
death (632CE), much of the expansion coming at the expense of the Byzantine
Empire. It was not until 1095 that expansion further into what is now Turkey
prompted the Byzantine Emperor to ask the Pope for assistance. He sent the
First Crusade, which rather by-passed Constantinople on its way to
Jerusalem.
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The extent of the Umayyid Caliphate in 750 The work of Gabagool and borrowed from Wikipedia under Creative Commons licence |
The Byzantine Empire endured death by a thousand cuts, its suffering
finally ending in 1453 when the Ottomans took Constantinople. As
Istanbul is the only part of Turkey we have visited, this is where my
mosques must be.
Istanbul has many to chose from. There was a mosque just up the road from
our hotel in the narrow streets of the old Sultanahmet district. It was
small, but the dawn call to prayer was so loud I thought the muezzin was
sitting on the end of our bed. That said, Istanbul has 2⅓ of the world’s
finest mosques.
Süleymaniye Mosque
If not perhaps Istanbul’s best-known mosque, the silhouette of the
Süleymaniye Mosque across the Golden Horn is one of the city’s signature
views.
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The Süleymaniye Mosque and the Golden Horn, Istanbul |
Commissioned by the Ottoman Emperor Süleyman the Magnificent, the mosque
was designed by imperial architect Mimar Sinan and built between 1550 and
1557.
The photograph was taken from the top of the Galata Tower, see Istanbul (4) Taksim Square and the Galata Tower (2014)
The Blue Mosque
Built between 1609 and 1616 for Sultan Ahmet I, the Blue Mosque was the
last great mosque of the Ottoman classical period. Despite its graceful
cascade of domes and semi-domes, it was not without its critics. Such size
and splendour, they said, was inappropriate when the Persian war was going
badly and Anatolia was in a state of anarchy, and if that was not enough, having six minarets, like
the Great Mosque of Mecca, was sacreligious.
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| The Blue Mosque, Istanbul |
Despite the crowds we found the interior retained an air of calm serenity.
The blue tiles that gave the mosque its name dominated, but there were pinks
and greens too, and over 250 windows giving a feeling of space and
light.
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Inside the Blue Mosque, Istanbul |
The huge dome is beautiful, but the chunky ‘elephant leg’ pillars required to
support it look out of proportion.
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The dome of the Blue Mosque, Istanbul |
Haghia Sophia
Earlier I referred to 2⅓ mosques, Haghia Sophia is the
⅓. Door-to-door it is 300m from the Blue Mosque
and the photos of each were taken from the same spot. Completed in 536, the
church of Haghia Sophia was built for the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. It is
perhaps the greatest architectural achievement of the Byzantine Empire and
the Blue Mosque, built over a thousand years later, appears to owe something
to its venerable neighbour.
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Haghia Sophia, Istanbul |
With the arrival of the Ottomans, Haghia Sophia became a mosque. The four
minarets, rockets on ugly concrete pedestals, are regrettable, but inside
the changes were sympathetic. I called it ⅓ a mosque, as it has been a
church, a mosque and now a secular museum. Today the Islamic minbar and
calligraphy….
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Minbar and Islamic calligraphy, Haghia Sophia, Istanbul |
…sit easily beside the earlier Byzantine mosaics.
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Virgin and Child with the Emperor John II and his wife Irene, Haghia
Sophia, Istanbul |
[Update: As of 2020 Hagia Sophia is a mosque again. The Turkish government say all the Byzantine mosaics will be respected and treasured. Even so, it is a provocative move, it is not as though Istanbul is short of mosques. I believe the building would be best cared for by those for whom its history and beauty were primary concerns. But my opinion counts for....]
See Istanbul (1) The Blue Mosque, Haghia Sophia and the Bosphorus (2011)
The remainder of this post is in two sections linked by Istanbul the capital of the Ottoman Empire that took Islam into Europe, and along with Persia (now Iran) into the Caucasus.
Mosques in the Caucusus
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| Featured mosques in the first section are in Baku, Tbilisi, and Yerevan the capitals of the south Caucasus republics, and in Șamaxi 120km west of Baku (so pretty well on the red ring) |
Azerbaijan
Whether the three former soviet republics south of the Caucasus are
European states is debatable. Armenia and Georgia think they are, and they
do feel European, FIFA thinks all three are but Azerbaijan, the only majority
Muslim state among them - and in many ways a detached corner of Asian Turkey -
is more ambivalent.
Over 90% of Azeris identify as Muslims, but for many that identification is
more cultural and ethnic than religious; after decades of state atheism as part of the USSR,
they are not that bothered.
The Muhammed or Siniggala Mosque, Baku
The Siniggala Mosque claims to be the oldest in Baku, dating from the 11th
century, though it appears to be a more recent building constructed on
ancient foundations. Siniggala (damaged tower) refers to the, now repaired
minaret. Stubby but still imposing in the densely packed low-rise Old City,
it survives from the original mosque. During the Russo-Persian War (1722-3)
a squadron of Russian warships demanded Baku’s surrender. Refusal was
followed by a bombardment and the minaret was hit. The sudden storm that then blew the ships out of range was clearly a divine intervention, so the
minaret was left untouched for many years.
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The Muhammad (or Broken Tower) Mosque, Baku |
see Baku (2); The Qobustan Petroglyphs and the Old City (2014)
Friday Mosque, Şamaxı
Şamaxı is a small town 120km west of Baku. The Friday Mosque is sometimes
called the second-oldest mosque in the trans-Caucasus but it looks
surprisingly new.
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| Şamaxı Friday Mosque |
The first mosque on this site was built in the 8th century, but seismic
activity and marauding Georgians and Armenians have seen off a few versions
of the building. An early 20th century reconstruction designed by Józef
Plośko, a St Petersburg trained Polish architect (and not the only Christian
to design a mosque in these posts) forms the basis of the current building,
though the major 2011 restoration encouraged Lonely Planet to
call it a ’21st century masterpiece.’
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| Mihrab, Şamaxı Friday Mosque |
See
Baku to Şǝki(2014)
Armenia
Blue Mosque, Yerevan
Armenia claims to have been the first country to make Christianity its
state religion when St. Gregory the Illuminator converted King Tiridates III
in 301. However, Armenia is a small country and has spent much of its history wedged between the Ottoman,
Russian and Persian empires, so foreign rulers came and went. The Blue
Mosque was built in 1765–1766 by Hussein Ali Khan when Yerevan was the
capital of his Persian Khanate. It was secularised in 1920 by the communist
regime, but was re-opened in 1996 after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Armenia has a Muslim population of under 1,000, mainly of Iranian descent,
and this is the country’s only mosque.
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| The Blue Mosque, Yerevan - very Iranian in style |
It sits unobtrusively in a dip beside the central Mashtots Avenue, so even the
minaret hardly breaks the skyline. It is not generally open, but we asked
the nice man in the Iranian tourist office near the entrance and he gave us
the key. That was in 2003, I suspect they may be more security conscious
now.
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Blue Mosque minaret, Yerevan |
Georgia
Georgia is another small Christian country that received unwanted attention
from surrounding empires. Tbilisi was (off and on) the capital of an Iranian
vassal monarchy from the 16th until the 18th century when the Georgians
sought Russian support to free themselves. Like others who sought such help,
they soon found themselves annexed by Tsarist Russia.
Jumah Mosque, Tbilisi
As part of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi retained a Shia and a Sunni mosque
until 1951 when the Sunni mosque was demolished to make way for a bridge.
The surviving Shi-ite Jumah Mosque took in the homeless Sunnis and has
become the only mosque in the world where Shia and Sunni Muslims worship
side by side.
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Jumah Mosque, Tbilisi |
Tbilisi sits in a gorge, and the mosque is in a side-gorge above the
thermal spring. Among the spas are the Orbeliani baths, which look more like
a Persian mosque than the mosque itself. Pushkin described this as the ‘most
luxurious place on earth’.
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Orbeliani Baths, Tbilisi |
See
Tbilisi
(2014)
Mosques in the Balkans
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| Islam expanded in this area under the Ottoman empire which entered Europe in 1453 and finally retreated to the bottom right hand corner in 1918. Featured Mosques are in the ringed cities except in North Macedonia, where Glumovo is very near Skopje and Prilep is south of the 'E' |
Bulgaria
Eastern Orthodox Christianity has always been the dominant religion in
Bulgaria but active membership has fallen steadily in recent years. About
8% of the population identify as Muslims, a small number for a country that
was part of the Ottoman Empire for 500 years and has a border with
Turkey.
Banya Bashi Mosque, Sofia
Sofia has one active mosque, but it is a big one. Unsurprisingly Turkish in
style the Banya Bashi Mosque dates from 1566 and, like Istanbul’s
Süleymaniye Mosque, was designed by Mimar Sinan. Clearly Sofia was an
important city.
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The Banya Bashi Mosque, Sofia |
Banya Bashi is built beside and partly over Sofia’s thermal spring. The
name means ‘Big Bath’ and you can collect the warm mineral water in the
square outside.
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| The hot springs outside the Banya Bashi Mosque, Sofia |
See Sofia and the Master of Boyana (2007)
Albania
Converting to Islam under the Ottoman Empire conferred distinct advantages, and some 70% of Albanians were Muslims by the time the empire folded in 1918. For 45 year after World War 2, a nominally communist dictatorship imposed militant atheism. Freedom of religion arrived in the 1990s and was met with displays of mass apathy. Although 57% identified as Muslim in the 2011 census, a 2008 study in Tirana found that 67% of declared Muslims and 55% of Christians were completely non-observant.
Many churches and mosques were destroyed under state atheism – the current
freedom has seen no great rebuilding.
The Et’hem Bey Mosque, Tirana
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Et'hem Bey Mosque, Tirana |
One mosque, though does have particular significance. The early 19th
century Et’hem Bey Mosque sits in a corner of Tirana’s central Skanderbeg
Square. Scheduled for demolition in the 1960s, it somehow never happened. In
1991 the mosque reopened without the authority’s permission. When 10,000
attended Friday prayers on the 18th of January 1991 and the police did
nothing, it was a signal that the old regime had capitulated.
Et'hem Bey has the slimmest of pencil slim minarets, typical of Balkan mosques.
See
Tirana
(2019)
North Macedonia
Like their close cousins the Bulgarians, ethnic Macedonians are almost
entirely Eastern Orthodox Christians (though whether practising or not is
another matter), but they only comprise 64% of the population. Around 30%
are Muslims including the vast majority of the substantial ethnic Albanian
community. Ironically the best-known Macedonian Albanian (though she was
born in the days of the Ottoman Empire) was the Roman Catholic Mother Teresa
of Calcutta.
Skopje has a few grand mosques, as befits a capital, several understated
churches from Ottoman times, and a big modern cathedral, but I will start
with a village mosque.
Glumovo Mosque, Near Skopje
Glumovo (it’s better than it sounds) is only 10km outside Skopje. For a
village of 1,683 (2002 census) it has a huge mosque, but as 1,646 of those
people are Albanians and most of the rest are Muslim Bozniaks, perhaps it
needs it.
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| Glumovo Mosque |
Pencil slim minarets are a feature of mosques in the Balkans, and Glumovo has two of the finest.
See
The Matka Canyon and Stobi
(2015)
Čarši Mosque, Prilep
Although Prilep, 100km south of Skopje, is North Macedonia’s 4th largest
city, it has only 70,000 inhabitants. Unlike Glumovo its Muslim population
is relatively small.
Macedonia achieved independence in 1991 without firing a shot, but in 2001
the Kosovo conflict spilt over into northern Macedonia with elements of the
Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) trying to inspire ethnic Albanian Macedonians
to fight for a 'greater Albania'. For six months until a UN brokered settlement there was considerable fighting along the Kosovan border. On
the 7th of August 2001 ten Macedonian soldiers, all from Prilep, were killed
in a KLA ambush on the Skopje-Tetovo road. Protests on the 8th turned into
riots and Prilep’s 15th century mosque was burned down. None of Prilep's
Albanian population were implicated in the atrocity which happened 80km
away.
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| Prilep's burned out mosque |
In 2015 the failure of local and national authorities to sanction the rebuilding remained a bone of contention. It seems it still is.
See
Prilep and Bitola (2015)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
If Prilep gives a taste of the destruction of the
Balkans war, Bosnia provides a surfeit. In 2012 the buildings of Sarajevo were
still pock-marked by bullets, but the worst destruction we saw was in Mostar. Nationalism
waved its magic wand and families who had been neighbours, and even friends,
for generations suddenly turned to killing each other. I find it difficult to
understand; there is nothing special about the people of Mostar, so perhaps it
could happen anywhere
Before the war the city’s population was, roughly 20%
Serb (Eastern Orthodox Christians), 40% Bosniak (Muslims) and 40% Croat (Roman
Catholic Christians).
The initial Serb siege destroyed the Catholic Cathedral, the Franciscan monastery, the bishop’s palace and library, and 14 mosques. After they were repulsed the Croats showed the same Christian spirit by destroying the orthodox cathedral, three churches and a monastery – and all but one of the 13 surviving Ottoman era mosques. Eventually in 1993 in an act of symbolic vandalism they destroyed Mostar’s emblematic bridge.
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| Mostar Bridge, Built 1557-66 by the Ottomans, destroyed 1993, rebuilt 2001-3 by Turkish craftsmen |
The Karađozbeg Mosque, Mostar
The Karađozbeg Mosque is not the largest or finest, but it has been serving its community on the left bank of the Neretva, the Muslim quarter of Mostar, since 1577. The war left it with a gaping hole in the dome and the stump of a minaret. It is now fully restored and open to worshippers and anyone else who wishes to pop in.
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| Karađozbeg Mosque, Mostar |
See Mostar
(2012)
The expanding Ottoman Empire swallowed Bosnia in 1460. Sarajevo was founded the following year as the administrative capital for
the new Ottoman province and duly acquired an array of mosques to suit its
status.
The Alipašina Mosque, Sarajevo
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| The Alipašina Mosque, Sarajevo, built 1561 Unlike churches mosques only occassionally have an associated graveyard |
In 1991 Sarajevo became the capital of the freshly independent
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was promptly surrounded by Serb forces
trying to carve out a new Republika Srpska. The Siege of Sarajevo, April 1992 to
December 1995, was the longest siege of the 20th century. 14,000 died, 5,500 of them civilians, 1,500 of those children.
Situated in a narrow valley closed at one end, Sarajevo
was perfectly designed for a siege. Many of the Muslim dead are buried in the Martyr’s
Cemetery which flows down the head of the valley. One evening we walked up to
the Ottoman Yellow Bastion above the cemetery from where we could see the city
laid out before us.
I could not count the mosques at the time, but I have found 18 minarets in the photograph (ringed in red). The Serbian Orthodox and Catholic Cathedrals (yellow) also stand out as does the bilious yellow cube of the Holiday Inn (blue) overlooking the notorious ‘Sniper’s Alley. As dusk fell the call from mosques started, not all together, but first one, than another, then a third. The sound swelled as more and more joined in, then gradually started to ebb until eventually there was one lone voice. It was a magnificent sound.
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| The Mosques and Cathedral of Sarajevo (and the Martyr's Cemetary) 2012 |
A friend who visited in the 1970s described Sarajevo
as a perfect multi-cultural city, with people of different traditions living
and working together harmoniously. Then it all went wrong, and now it is being
put back together. Humans are good at restoring things, be they bridges or communities; it's a pity they have to destroy them first.
See Sarajevo (1) The Old Town, The New Town and Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
and Sarajevo (2) The Siege 1992-1995